Low-aspect ratio appendages for wind-assisted ships

Abstract Wind propulsion for commercial ships has been identified as a key component in the energy transition maritime industry. The sailing hybrid ship will operate with leeway (drift) angles to produce lateral force known sideforce, steady operation under sail. In this paper, experimental results performance of fitted bilge keel appendages are presented. Systematic variations appendage height, length, and position were tested, including several special cases (multiple keels). typology is shown mitigate strong ‘destabilizing’ yaw moment that characteristic wind-assisted vessels promote non-linear sideforce component. working principal keels—promotion flow separation—can be employed specify separation location components vessel vortex wake improve ship.